The speed at which records are played, measured in revolutions per minute (RPM), has a fascinating history that reflects the evolution of the music industry.
Early years and variable speeds
In the early days of gramophone records, around the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, there were no standardized playback speeds. Records were played at speeds ranging from 60 to 130 RPM. The speed was often determined by the mechanical capabilities of the recording studios and playback devices of the time.
The standardization of 78 RPM
Around 1925, 78 revolutions per minute (RPM) became the standard for records. This standardization was driven by the introduction of electric motors that could provide stable and consistent speeds. The speed of 78.26 RPM was chosen because it was easily achievable with the available technology of the time. This ensured an even and reliable playback speed, improving sound quality.
Shellac records, often referred to as Bakelite records, were made of a brittle material known for its fragility. These records, usually 10 or 12 inches in diameter, could hold about three to five minutes of music per side.
The transition to 33 1/3 and 45 RPM
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the music industry was transformed again with the introduction of new playback speeds: 33 1/3 RPM and 45 RPM.
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33 1/3 RPM: This speed was introduced by Columbia Records in 1948 for the long-playing (LP) record. LPs had smaller grooves and could thus hold more music, up to 20-25 minutes per side. This made them ideal for full albums.
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45 RPM: In 1949, RCA Victor introduced the 45 RPM single. These records were smaller, usually 7 inches in diameter, and could hold about four to five minutes of music per side. This format became popular for releasing singles and hit songs.
Modern times
Today, 33 1/3 and 45 RPM are the most commonly used speeds for vinyl records. Modern turntables are usually equipped to play both speeds, and some can also play at 78 RPM, which remains popular among collectors of old records.
The evolution of revolutions per minute reflects the continuous innovations in the music industry and the ongoing quest for better sound quality and longer playback times. Whether it's the nostalgia of the 78 RPM shellac records or the warm sounds of a 33 1/3 RPM LP, the history of RPM is an essential part of the rich history of music.
